Sample Instructional Design Models
| Material
below used by permission from Sherri
Brapton. Additional instructional design models available from the Department of Education at the University of Colorado at Denver. |
The Dick and Carey Design Model uses a systems approach for designing instruction.
One of the best known models, its approach to designing instruction is similar
to that of software engineering. The design model describes all the phases of
an iterative process that starts by identifying instructional goals and ends
with summative evaluation. This model is applicable across a range of context
areas (e.g., K-12 to business to government) and users (novice to expert).
The Gerlach-Ely Design Model is a prescriptive model that is well suited to
K-12 and higher education. It is meant for novice instructional designers who
have knowledge and expertise in a specific context. The model includes strategies
for selecting and including media within instruction. It also handles the allocation
of resources.
The Hannafin Peck Design Model is
a three phase process. In the first phase, a needs assessment is performed.
This phase is followed by a design phase. In the third phase, instruction is
developed and implemented. In this model, all of the phases involve a process
of evaluation and revision.
The Knirk and Gustafson Design Model is a three stage process which includes
problem determination, design and development. The problem determination stage
involves identifying the problem and setting instructional goals. The design
stage includes developing objectives and specifying strategies. Finally, in
the development stage, materials are developed.
The Jerrold Kemp Design Model takes
a holistic approach to instructional design. Virtually all factors in the learning
environment are taken into consideration including subject analysis, learner
characteristics, learning objectives, teaching activities, resources (computers,
books, etc.), support services and evaluation. The process is iterative and
the design is subject to constant revision.
Tripp and Bichelmeyer's Rapid Prototyping
Design Model is a four level process that is intended to create instruction
for lessons as opposed to entire curricula. The process stages include performing
a needs analysis, constructing a prototype, utilizing the prototype to perform
research and installing the final system. This model relies on expert instructional
designers to utilize heuristics as well as their past experience and intuition
to guide the design.
